Preparation of desulfurizing activated carbon from corn stalk and characterization of desulfurizing structure
Abstract
This study investigated the optimal conditions for preparing desulfurizing stalk carbon, using corn stalk as a raw material and zinc chloride as an activator. The structure of stalk carbon was characterized using thermogravimetry (TG), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer – Emmelt – Teller (BET). Results found no significant difference in stalk carbon desulfurization properties when using stalk skin, core, or a skin-core mixture as raw material. The desulfurization performance of stalk carbon prepared using a skin-core mixture, was the most effective when the material : liquid ratio was 1:2; activation temperature was 350 °C; and activation time was 70 min. The corresponding H2S adsorption time was 74 min. The large specific surface area of 562.28 m2/g and abundant pore-volume of 0.3851 ml/g was found in the desulfurization stalk carbon prepared using these conditions. The increase in micropores and the abundant oxygen-containing functional surface groups were conducive to H2S adsorption. The desulfurization products were found to be mainly elemental S and sulfite.
Keyword : corn stalk, activated carbon, deodorization, adsorption, biomass, hydrogen sulfide
How to Cite
Li, F., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2019). Preparation of desulfurizing activated carbon from corn stalk and characterization of desulfurizing structure. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 27(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2019.8001
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Tsai, W. T., Chang, C. Y., & Lee, S. L. (1998). A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activa tion. Bioresource Technology, 64(3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00168-5
Wu, B., Huang, J. J., & Zhang, R. J. (2009). Adsorption and catalytic removal of hydrogen sulfide on active carbon (char) at low temperature. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 37(3), 355-359.
Xie, L., Yi, Y. F., Hu, X. Y., Zheng, W., & Chen, Y. (2011). Research progress in desulfurizers. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 40(10), 1084-1087.
Zeng, G. N., Zhou, H. Y., & Ai, N. (2013). Preparation and optimization of high-performance activated carbons from Sargas sum Horneri by chemical activation. Acta Scientiae Cricumstantiae, 33(8), 2209-2217.
Zhang, H., Voroney, R. P., Price, G. W., & White, A. J. (2017). Sulfur-enriched biochar as a potential soil amendment and fertiliser. Soil Research, 55(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15256
Zhang, X., Cui, X., Chen, D., Dong, X., & Tang, J. (2018). Electronic structure and H2S adsorption property of Pt3 cluster decorated (8, 0) SWCNT. Applied Surface Science, 428, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.09.084
Azargohar, R., & Dalai, A. K. (2011). The direct oxidation of hydrogen sulphide over activated carbons prepared from lignite coal and biochar. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 89(4), 844-853. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20430
Bouchy, L. (2011). Odor assessment and management in waste-water treatment plants: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology, 41(10), 915-950. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380903300000
Burgess, J. E., Parsons, S. A., & Stuetz, R. M. (2001). Developments in odour control and waste gas treatment biotechnology: a review. Biotechnology Advances, 19(1), 35-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00058-6
Chen, Q., Wang, Z., Long, D. H., Liu, X. J., Zhan, L., Xiao, L., Qiao, W. M., & Ling, L. C. (2010). Role of pore structure of activated carbon fibers in the catalytic oxidation of H2S. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 49(7), 3152-3159. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie901223j
Choi, D. Y., Lee, J. W., Jang, S. C., Ahn, B. S., & Choi, D. K. (2008). Adsorption dynamics of hydrogen sulfide in impregnated activated carbon bed. Adsorption-Journal of the International Adsorption Society, 14(4-5), 533-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-008-9118-9
Church, T. L., Jasso, A. B., Björnerbäck, F., & Niklas, H. (2017). Sustainability of microporous polymers and their applications. Science China Chemistry, 60(8), 1033-1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-017-9068-3
Danh, N. T., Teresa, J., & Bandosz, T. J. (2005). Activated carbons with metal containing bentonite binders as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide. Carbon, 43(2), 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.09.023
El-Hendawy, A. N. A. (2006). Variation in the FTIR spectra of a biomassunder impregnation, carbonization and oxidation conditions. Journal of Analytical and Applied and Pyrolysis, 75(2), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2005.05.004
Klein, J., & Henning, K. D. (1984). Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on activated carbons. Fuel, 63(8), 1064-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(84)90189-3
Latos, M., Karageorgos, P., Kalogerakis, N., & Lazaridis, M. (2011). Dispersion of odorous gaseous compounds emitted from wastewater treatment plants. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 215(1-4), 667-677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0508-8
Lee, E. Y., Lee, N. Y., Cho, K. S., & Ryu, H. W. (2006). Removal of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-resistant Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans AZ11. Journal of Bioscience & Bioengineering, 101(4), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.309
Li, H. J., Gu, Y. Y., & Zhao, Y. C. (2010). Sludge utilization technology. Beijing: Metallurgical industry press.
Li, Y., Shan, S., Yang, R., Gai, X., Mao, J., Huang, N., Tou, Y., & Meas, A. (2016). Preparation of bamboo biochars by low-temperature hydrothermal method and its adsorption of organics. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 32(24), 240-247. https://doi.org/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.032
Majid Hayati-Ashtiani. (2012). Characterization of nano-porous bentonite (montmorillonite) particles using FTIR and BETBJH analyses. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 28(3), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201100030
Mcgrath, T. E., Chan, W. G., & Hajaligol, M. R. (2003). Low temperature mechanism for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of cellulose. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 66(1-2), 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00105-5
Mohanty, K., Das, D., & Biswas, M. N. (2006). Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from sterculia alata nutshell by chemical activation with zinc chloride to remove phenol from wastewater. Adsorption, 12(2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-006-0374-2
Omar, F., Ubong, E., Jerzy, S., Almoustapha, S., & Aboubaker, B. (2017). H2S adsorption on NH-decorated graphene: A first principles study. Surface Science, 668, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2017.10.016
Shang, G., Li, Q., Liu, L., Chen, P., & Huang, X. (2016). Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide by biochars derived from pyrolysis of different agricultural/forestry wastes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 66(1), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1094429
Soares, S., Camino, G., & Levchik, S. (1995). Comparative study of the thermal decomposition of pure cellulose and pulp paper. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 49(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)87009-1
Titus, S. van Erp, & Martens, J. A. (2011). A standardization for BET fitting of adsorption isotherms. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 145(1), 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.05.022
Tsai, W. T., Chang, C. Y., & Lee, S. L. (1998). A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activa tion. Bioresource Technology, 64(3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00168-5
Wu, B., Huang, J. J., & Zhang, R. J. (2009). Adsorption and catalytic removal of hydrogen sulfide on active carbon (char) at low temperature. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 37(3), 355-359.
Xie, L., Yi, Y. F., Hu, X. Y., Zheng, W., & Chen, Y. (2011). Research progress in desulfurizers. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 40(10), 1084-1087.
Zeng, G. N., Zhou, H. Y., & Ai, N. (2013). Preparation and optimization of high-performance activated carbons from Sargas sum Horneri by chemical activation. Acta Scientiae Cricumstantiae, 33(8), 2209-2217.
Zhang, H., Voroney, R. P., Price, G. W., & White, A. J. (2017). Sulfur-enriched biochar as a potential soil amendment and fertiliser. Soil Research, 55(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15256
Zhang, X., Cui, X., Chen, D., Dong, X., & Tang, J. (2018). Electronic structure and H2S adsorption property of Pt3 cluster decorated (8, 0) SWCNT. Applied Surface Science, 428, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.09.084