Fragility assessment of installation defects in industrial standing seam metal roof subjected to wind loads
Abstract
In industrial structures in which standing seam metal roofs (SSMRs) are commonly used, heat insulation and waterproofing have emerged as crucial requirements for the protection of internal equipment. However, in newly developed SSMRs, the structural systems have become increasingly complex. The installation of insulation layers between the upper and lower panels poses challenges during roof panel installations, resulting in defects owing to the carelessness of the installer. These clip defects can significantly affect the wind-resistance performance of the SSMR structure during testing. In this study, we employed finite element method (FEM) modeling and verification, utilizing the wind resistance test results of SSMRs. In addition, we conducted a variable analysis as well as a fragility assessment focusing on the location and number of clip defects in the SSMRs. The results of this study indicate that the wind performance of the roof was significantly degraded owing to SSMR clip defects. Moreover, the wind resistance performance can be quantitatively evaluated by considering the roof zone and the exposed environment under a wind load.
Keyword : industrial structures, fragility assessment, defected clips, FEM, SSMR, wind resistance
How to Cite
Kwon, K., Choi, H. C., Ji, K., Choi, Y., & Kong, J. S. (2024). Fragility assessment of installation defects in industrial standing seam metal roof subjected to wind loads. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 30(5), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.21451
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Konthesingha, K. M. C., Stewart, M. G., Ryan, P., Ginger, J., & Henderson, D. (2015). Reliability based vulnerability modelling of metal-clad industrial buildings to extreme wind loading for cyclonic regions. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 147, 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.10.002
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. (2018). Hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets and coil (KS D 3506). Seoul, Korea.
Lee, K. H., & Rosowsky, D. V. (2005). Fragility assessment for roof sheathing failure in high wind regions. Engineering Structures, 27(6), 857–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.12.017
Lee, S., Ham, H. J., & Kim, H.-J. (2013). Fragility assessment for cladding of industrial buildings subjected to extreme wind. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 12(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.12.65
Li, Y., & Stewart, M. G. (2011). Cyclone damage risks caused by enhanced greenhouse conditions and economic viability of strengthened residential construction. Natural Hazards Review, 12(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000024
Lopez, J. M., Roueche, D. B., & Prevatt, D. O. (2020). Wind resistance and fragility functions for wood-framed wall sheathing panels in low-rise residential construction. Journal of Structural Engineering, 146(8), Article 04020139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002653
Lu, Q., Li, M., Zhang, M., Min, Q., Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2022). Wind-resistance performance investigation of 360° vertical seam-locked roof system reinforced by sliding support and sandwich panel. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, Article 103689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103689
Madsen, H. O., Krenk, S., & Lind, N. C. (2006). Methods of structural safety. Courier Corporation.
Maier, H. R., Lence, B. J., Tolson, B. A., & Foschi, R. O. (2001). First-order reliability method for estimating reliability, vulnerability, and resilience. Water Resources Research, 37(3), 779–790. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900329
Masanobu, S., Feng, M. Q., Lee, J., & Naganuma, T. (2000). Statistical analysis of fragility curves. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 126(12), 1224–1231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:12(1224)
Matousek, M. (1983). Measures against errors in the building process (NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 84, 15295). National Research Council of Canada.
Mehta, K. C., Levitan, M. L., Iverson, R. E., & McDonald, J. R. (1992). Roof corner pressures measured in the field on a low building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 41(1), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90408-3
Melchers, R. E., & Beck, A. T. (2018). Structural reliability analysis and prediction. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119266105
Min, Q., Li, N., Zhang, Y., Lu, Q., & Liu, X. (2021). A novel wind resistance sliding support with large sliding displacement and high tensile strength for metal roof system. Engineering Structures, 243, Article 112670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112670
Mohammadabadi, M., Yadama, V., & Dolan, J. D. (2021). Evaluation of wood composite sandwich panels as a promising renewable building material. Materials, 14(8), Article 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082083
Nowak, A. S., & Collins, K. R. (2012). Reliability of structures. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12913
Pinelli, J.-P., Simiu, E., Gurley, K., Subramanian, C., Zhang, L., Cope, A., Filliben, J. J., & Hamid, S. (2004). Hurricane damage prediction model for residential structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(11), 1685–1691. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1685)
Sivapathasundaram, M., & Mahendran, M. (2018). Development of suitable strengthening methods for thin steel roof battens subject to pull-through failures. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 24(2), Article 04018004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000302
Stewart, M. G. (1993). Structural reliability and error control in reinforced concrete design and construction. Structural Safety, 12(4), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(93)90057-8
Stewart, M. G., Ryan, P. C., Henderson, D. J., & Ginger, J. D. (2016). Fragility analysis of roof damage to industrial buildings subject to extreme wind loading in non-cyclonic regions. Engineering Structures, 128, 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.053
Straub, D., & Der Kiureghian, A. (2008). Improved seismic fragility modeling from empirical data. Structural Safety, 30(4), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2007.05.004
Wang, M., Ou, T., Xin, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., & Cui, L. (2021). Experimental study on static temperature field effect on standing seam metal roof system. Structures, 31, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.078
Zhang, H., Hou, S., Ding, Y., Li, C., & Liu, P. (2021). Fragility comprehensive assessment of low-rise cold-formed steel framed wall structure subjected to wind load. Shock and Vibration, 2021, Article 6969967. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6969967
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2016). Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures (ASCE 7‐16).
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2010). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (ASCE 7-10).
Architectural Institute of Korea. (2016). Korea building code and commentary. Seoul, Korea.
ASTM International. (2001). Standard test method for structural performance of sheet metal roof and siding systems by uniform static air pressure difference (ASTM E1592).
Azzi, Z., Habte, F., Vutukuru, K. S., Gan Chowdhury, A., & Moravej, M. (2020). Effects of roof geometric details on aerodynamic performance of standing seam metal roofs. Engineering Structures, 225, Article 111303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111303
Baran, I. (2023). 8 – Reliability analysis of the pultrusion process. In I. Baran (Ed.), Pultrusion (2nd ed.) (pp. 195–216). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-32-391613-4.00009-4
Baskaran A., Molleti S., Ko S., & Shoemaker L. (2012). Wind uplift performance of composite metal roof assemblies. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 18(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000042
Brown, C. B., & Yin, X. (1988). Errors in structural engineering. Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(11), 2575–2593. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:11(2575)
Chauhan, B. S., Chakrabarti, A., & Ahuja, A. K. (2022). Study of wind loads on rectangular plan tall building under interference condition. Structures, 43, 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.06.041
Choi, J.-W., Cha, Y., & Kim, J.-Y. (2017). Interdecadal variation of Korea affecting TC activity in early 1980s. Geoscience Letters, 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-017-0068-5
Choi, H. C., Ji, K., Kwon, K., & Kong, J. S. (2021). Sustainability of industrial building SSMR through experimental and analytical study under wind uplift load. Sustainability, 13(24), Article 13815. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413815
Du, X., & Hu, Z. (2012). First order reliability method with truncated random variables. Journal of Mechanical Design, 134(9), Article 091005. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007150
Ellingwood, B. R., & Tekie, P. B. (1999). Wind load statistics for probability-based structural design. Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(4), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:4(453)
Ellingwood, B. R., Rosowsky, D. V., Li, Y., & Kim, J. H. (2004). Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(12), 1921–1930. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1921)
Chowdhury, G. A., Zisis, I., Irwin, P., Bitsuamlak, G., Pinelli, J.-P., Hajra, B., & Moravej M. (2017). Large-scale experimentation using the 12-fan wall of wind to assess and mitigate hurricane wind and rain impacts on buildings and infrastructure systems. Journal of Structural Engineering, 143(7), Article 04017053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001785
Geng, Y., Han, X., Zhang, H., & Shi, L. (2021). Optimization and cost analysis of thickness of vacuum insulation panel for structural insulating panel buildings in cold climates. Journal of Building Engineering, 33, Article 101853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101853
Gill, A., Genikomsou, A. S., & Balomenos, G. P. (2021). Fragility assessment of wood sheathing panels and roof-to-wall connections subjected to wind loading. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 15(4), 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0745-5
Hong, H. P., & He, W. X. (2015). Effect of human error on the reliability of roof panel under uplift wind pressure. Structural Safety, 52, 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2014.07.001
Hoxha, D., Ismail, B., Rotaru, A., Izabel, D., & Renaux, T. (2022). Assessment of the usability of some bio-based insulation materials in double-skin steel envelopes. Sustainability, 14(17), Article 10797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710797
Jeong, S.-H., Kim, B.-J., & Ha, Y.-C. (2014). Revision of basic wind speed map of KBC-2009. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 30(5), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK_SC.2014.30.5.037
Ji, K., Choi, H. C., Kwon, K., & Kong, J. S. (2022). Numerical and experimental studies of mechanical performance and structural enhancement of industrial building SSMRs. Materials, 15(9), Article 3163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093163
Kennedy, R. P., & Ravindra, M. K. (1984). Seismic fragilities for nuclear power plant risk studies. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 79(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(84)90188-2
Konthesingha, K. M. C., Stewart, M. G., Ryan, P., Ginger, J., & Henderson, D. (2015). Reliability based vulnerability modelling of metal-clad industrial buildings to extreme wind loading for cyclonic regions. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 147, 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.10.002
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. (2018). Hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets and coil (KS D 3506). Seoul, Korea.
Lee, K. H., & Rosowsky, D. V. (2005). Fragility assessment for roof sheathing failure in high wind regions. Engineering Structures, 27(6), 857–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.12.017
Lee, S., Ham, H. J., & Kim, H.-J. (2013). Fragility assessment for cladding of industrial buildings subjected to extreme wind. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 12(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.12.65
Li, Y., & Stewart, M. G. (2011). Cyclone damage risks caused by enhanced greenhouse conditions and economic viability of strengthened residential construction. Natural Hazards Review, 12(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000024
Lopez, J. M., Roueche, D. B., & Prevatt, D. O. (2020). Wind resistance and fragility functions for wood-framed wall sheathing panels in low-rise residential construction. Journal of Structural Engineering, 146(8), Article 04020139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002653
Lu, Q., Li, M., Zhang, M., Min, Q., Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2022). Wind-resistance performance investigation of 360° vertical seam-locked roof system reinforced by sliding support and sandwich panel. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, Article 103689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103689
Madsen, H. O., Krenk, S., & Lind, N. C. (2006). Methods of structural safety. Courier Corporation.
Maier, H. R., Lence, B. J., Tolson, B. A., & Foschi, R. O. (2001). First-order reliability method for estimating reliability, vulnerability, and resilience. Water Resources Research, 37(3), 779–790. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900329
Masanobu, S., Feng, M. Q., Lee, J., & Naganuma, T. (2000). Statistical analysis of fragility curves. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 126(12), 1224–1231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:12(1224)
Matousek, M. (1983). Measures against errors in the building process (NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 84, 15295). National Research Council of Canada.
Mehta, K. C., Levitan, M. L., Iverson, R. E., & McDonald, J. R. (1992). Roof corner pressures measured in the field on a low building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 41(1), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90408-3
Melchers, R. E., & Beck, A. T. (2018). Structural reliability analysis and prediction. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119266105
Min, Q., Li, N., Zhang, Y., Lu, Q., & Liu, X. (2021). A novel wind resistance sliding support with large sliding displacement and high tensile strength for metal roof system. Engineering Structures, 243, Article 112670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112670
Mohammadabadi, M., Yadama, V., & Dolan, J. D. (2021). Evaluation of wood composite sandwich panels as a promising renewable building material. Materials, 14(8), Article 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082083
Nowak, A. S., & Collins, K. R. (2012). Reliability of structures. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12913
Pinelli, J.-P., Simiu, E., Gurley, K., Subramanian, C., Zhang, L., Cope, A., Filliben, J. J., & Hamid, S. (2004). Hurricane damage prediction model for residential structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(11), 1685–1691. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1685)
Sivapathasundaram, M., & Mahendran, M. (2018). Development of suitable strengthening methods for thin steel roof battens subject to pull-through failures. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 24(2), Article 04018004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000302
Stewart, M. G. (1993). Structural reliability and error control in reinforced concrete design and construction. Structural Safety, 12(4), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(93)90057-8
Stewart, M. G., Ryan, P. C., Henderson, D. J., & Ginger, J. D. (2016). Fragility analysis of roof damage to industrial buildings subject to extreme wind loading in non-cyclonic regions. Engineering Structures, 128, 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.053
Straub, D., & Der Kiureghian, A. (2008). Improved seismic fragility modeling from empirical data. Structural Safety, 30(4), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2007.05.004
Wang, M., Ou, T., Xin, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., & Cui, L. (2021). Experimental study on static temperature field effect on standing seam metal roof system. Structures, 31, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.078
Zhang, H., Hou, S., Ding, Y., Li, C., & Liu, P. (2021). Fragility comprehensive assessment of low-rise cold-formed steel framed wall structure subjected to wind load. Shock and Vibration, 2021, Article 6969967. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6969967