Share:


The assessment of risk tolerance of Hungarian travellers towards abroad trips

    Andrea Hanna Solyomfi Affiliation
    ; Ilona Skačkauskienė Affiliation
    ; Igor Borisov Affiliation
    ; Szergej Vinogradov Affiliation

Abstract

This study identified and examined significant factors affecting the risk tolerance of Hungarian travellers towards abroad trips. Data for the empirical research was derived from an online survey. The final questionnaire included 45 statements describing aspects of travel safety and travel preferences. There was a total of 496 responses, which enabled them to be analyzed. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was used to develop the model of risk tolerance assessment. As a result of the study, physical security, price sensitivity, mood-driven factor, and destination's image in the media may be considered as substitutes for determining travellers' risk tolerance. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by supporting the proposition that inner personality traits and image factors may influence tourism preferences, suggesting future studies should use a multivariate approach to explain and predict tourism choices. Tourism managers and private companies operating in this sector can find the results of this study very helpful in planning and promoting tourism to risky destinations.

Keyword : perceived risk, risky destinations, mood-driven, image in the media, price sensitivity, travellers' risk tolerance

How to Cite
Solyomfi, A. H., Skačkauskienė, I., Borisov, I., & Vinogradov, S. (2024). The assessment of risk tolerance of Hungarian travellers towards abroad trips. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 25(1), 104–128. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2024.20459
Published in Issue
Feb 15, 2024
Abstract Views
493
PDF Downloads
402
SM Downloads
190
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abaydeldinov, Y., & Kala, N. (2016). International legal aspects of tourism activity: International treaties analysis. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 7(4(18)), 714–720. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v7.4(18).01

Amara, D., El Samadicy, A., & Ragheb, M. (2012). Tourists’ risk aversion and willingness to take risks: the case of tourists visiting Egypt after 25th January revolution. In 6th world conference for graduate research in tourism, hospitality and leisure (Vol. 22).

Amir, A. F., Ismail, M. N. I., & See, T. P. (2015). Sustainable tourist environment: Perception of international women travelers on safety and security in Kuala Lumpur. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.218

Artuğer, S. (2015). The effect of risk perceptions on tourists’ revisit intentions. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(2), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.08.002

Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0

Berdychevsky, L., & Gibson, H. (2015). Women’s sexual sensation seeking and risk taking in leisure travel. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 621–646. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-5446

Brown, C. B. (2015). Tourism, crime and risk perception: An examination of broadcast media’s framing of negative Aruban sentiment in the Natalee Holloway case and its impact on tourism demand. Tourism Management Perspectives, (16), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.12.001

Brunel, O., & Pichon, P. E. (2004). Food-related riskreduction strategies: Purchasing and consumption processes. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 3(4), 360–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.148

Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Cheer, J. M., Lapointe, D., Mostafanezhad, M., & Jamal, T. (2021). Global tourism in crisis: Conceptual frameworks for research and practice. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(3), 278–294.

Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104.

Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82, 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1

De Albuquerque, K., & Mcelroy, J. (1999). Tourism and crime in the Caribbean. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 968–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00031-6

Douglas, A., Hoogendoorn, G., & Richards, G. (2023). Activities as the critical link between motivation and destination choice in cultural tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2022-0442

Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M. T., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two–item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman–Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58, 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038–012–0416–3

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, (18), 39–50.

Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83–108.

Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32, 266–276.

Garamvölgyi, J., & Rudnák, I. (2016). Cultural Intelligence: Key influences. Social Space = Przestrzen Spoleczna, 2, 1–19.

Gozgor, G., Lau, C. K. M., Zeng, Y., & Lin, Z. (2019). The effectiveness of the legal system and inbound tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.003

Gray, J. M., & Wilson, M. A. (2009). The relative risk perception of travel hazards. Environment and Behavior, 41(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311898

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7 ed.). Pearson.

Hales, C., & Shams, H. (1991). Cautious incremental consumption: A neglected consumer risk reduction strategy. European Journal of Marketing, 25(7), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569110144197

Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J., & Duval, D. T. (2004). Security and tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2–3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v15n02_01

Hasan, M. K., Ismail, A. R., & Islam, M. F. (2017). Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), Article 1412874. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874

Horiachko, K. (2021). Evaluation of touristic risks while visiting Ukraine and the risk perception by travelers. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism (JEMT), 12(01(49)), 134–145.

Hottola, P. (2004). Culture confusion: Intercultural adaptation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 447–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.003

Imbeah, N., Khademi-Vidra, A., & Bujdoso, Z. (2020). Assessment of tourists’ perceptions on safety at the cape coast tourist destination in Ghana. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 28(1), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.28117-464

Jackson, M. (2001). Cultural influences on tourist destination choices of 21 Pacific Rim nations. In Proceedings of the 11th Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, CAUTHE 2001: Capitalising on Research. University of Canberra Press.

Jonas, A., Mansfeld, Y., Paz, S., & Potasman, I. (2011). Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509355323

Kah, J. A., Lee, S.-H., & Kim, J. S. (2022). The effects of travelers’ price sensitivity on information search behaviors. Sustainability, 14(7), Article 3818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1

Kapuściński, G., & Richards, B. (2016). News framing effects on destination risk perception. Tourism Management, 57, 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.017

Karl, M. (2016). Risk and uncertainty in travel decision-making: Tourist and destination perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 57(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516678337

Karl, M., & Schmude, J. (2017). Understanding the role of risk (perception) in destination choice: A literature review and synthesis. Tourism Review, 65(2), 138–155.

Keim, C. A., & Somerville, C. (2017). Mistaking Africa: Curiosities and inventions of the American mind. Hachette UK.

Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2014). Infrastructure, tourism. In J. Jafari, & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_447-1

Kiyak, D., & Labanauskaite, D. (2020). Opportunities of the crm concept in creating process of a value-based tourism product. Vadyba / Journal of Management, 36(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.38104/vadyba.2020.10

Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.607

Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople’s commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.026

Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003

Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation seeking and tourism: Tourist role, perception of risk and destination choice. Tourism Management, 29, 740–750.

Lin, P., Jones, E., & Westwood, S. (2009). Perceived risk and risk-relievers in online travel purchase intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(8), 782–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903235803

Liu, H. (2014). Understanding destination choice from a cultural distance perspective [Master’s thesis]. University of South Carolina – Columbia. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2668/

Liu, X. S., Shi, Y., Xue, N. I., & Shen, H. (2022). The impact of time pressure on impulsive buying: The moderating role of consumption type. Tourism Management, (91), Article 104505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104505

Lo, A. S., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2011). Hong Kong residents’ adoption of risk reduction strategies in leisure travel. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.562851

Mancini-Cross, C., Backman, K. F., & Baldwin, E. D. (2009). The effect of language barrier on intercultural communications: A case study of educational travel in Italy. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, (9), 104–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220903042004

Masiero, L., & Nicolau, J. L. (2012). Price sensitivity to tourism activities: Looking for determinant factors. Tourism Economics, 18(4), 675–689. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0143

Meng, Y., Khan, A., Bibi, S., Wu, H., Lee, Y., & Chen, W. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 risk perception on travel intention: Evidence from Chinese travelers. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 655860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655860

Mitchell, V. W., & Vassos, V. (1997). Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: A cross-cultural and gender analysis. Journal of Euromarketing, 6(3), 47–79.

Neumayer, E. (2004). The impact of political violence on tourism: Dynamic cross–national estimation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 259–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002703262358

Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola… still doomed’ – The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006

Pandey, K., & Joshi, S. (2021). Trends in destination choice in tourism research: A 25-year bibliometric review. FIIB Business Review, 10(4), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145211032430

Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: Which has a larger impact on tourism demand?. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502040003011

Polas, M. R. H., Saha, R. K., & Tabash, M. I. (2022). How does tourist perception lead to tourist hesitation? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Environmnet, Development and Sustainability, 24, 3659–3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01581-z

Preko, A., & Gyepi-Garbrah, T. F. (2023). Understanding sense of safety and trustworthiness of tourism information among migrant visitors. International Hospitality Review, 37(1), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-04-2021-0029

Promsivapallop, P., & Kannaovakun, P. (2017). A comparative assessment of destination image, travel risk perceptions and travel intention by young travellers across three ASEAN countries: A study of German students. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(6), 634–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1308391

Qiao, G., Zhang, J., Pabel, A., & Chen, N. (2021). Understanding the factors influencing the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired travelers: An empirical study in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 684285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684285

Rahman, M. K., Gazi, M. A. I., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. PLoS ONE, 16(9), Article e0256486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256486

Reid, L. J., & Reid, S. D. (1993). Communicating tourism supplier services: Building repeat visitor relationships. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2–3), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_02

Riefler, P., Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2012). Cosmopolitan consumers as a target group for segmentation. Journal of International Business Studies, 43, 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2011.51

Ruiz-Sancho, S., Viñals, M. J., Teruel, L., & Segarra, M. (2021). Security and safety as a key factor for smart tourism destinations: New management challenges in relation to health risks. In V. Katsoni, & C. van Zyl (Eds.), Culture and tourism in a smart, globalized, and sustainable world. Springer proceedings in business and economics (pp. 511–522). Springer.

Shadova, Z., Tappaskhanova, E., Abrhám, J., & Zumakulova, Z. (2015). Tourism security and sustainability: A case study of North Caucasus region. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 4(3), 509–519.

Som, A. P. M., Aun, O. C., & AlBattat, A. R. (2015). Tourists’ perception of crisis and the impact of instability on destination safety in Sabah, Malaysia. Tourism & Environment, Social and Management Sciences, 5, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.s.213

Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112–144.

Tarlow, P. (2011). Tourism disaster management in an age of terrorism. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology, 1(3–4), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTA.2011.043709

Tsviliy, S., Gurova, D., & Nykonenko, S. (2021). Organizational and legal aspects of tourist formalities in the context of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic security of microenterprises. Scientific Bulletin of the Dnipropetrovsk State Univercity of Internal Affairs: Scientific Journal, (5), 322–329.

UN World Tourism Organization. (1997). Tourist safety and security: Practical measures for destinations.

Veréb, V., Nobre, H., & Farhangmehr, M. (2020). Cosmopolitan tourists: The resilient segment in the face of terrorism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, Article 100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100620

Wang, H., & Yan, J. (2022) Effects of social media tourism information quality on destination travel intention: Mediation effect of self-congruity and trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1049149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1049149

Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B. W., & Pan, D. Z. (2019). Risk reduction and adventure tourism safety: An extension of the risk perception attitude framework (RPAF). Tourism Management, (74), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.012

Weinstein, N. D. (1989). Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science, 246, 1232–1233.

Ruan, W.-Q., Li, Y.-Q., & Liu, C.-H. S. (2017). Measuring tourism risk impacts on destination image. Sustainability, 9, Article 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091501

Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2013). Tourism, risk tolerance and competences: Travel organization and tourism hazards. Tourism Management, 35, 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.006

World Economic Forum. (2022). The global risks report (17th ed.). https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2022

World Health Organization. (2017). Global diffusion of eHealth: Making universal health coverage achievable. Report of the third global survey on eHealth.

Wut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S. M. (2021). Crisis management research (1985–2020) in the hospitality and tourism industry: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 85, Article 104307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307

Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media on online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188.

Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2017). A systematic literature review of risk and gender research in tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011

Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 239–259. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40930-014-0013-z

Yang, E. C. L., Sharif, S. P., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2015). Tourists’ risk perception of risky destinations: The case of Sabah’s Eastern coast. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(3), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415576085

Yang, Y., & Wong, K. K. F. (2012). The influence of cultural distance on China inbound tourism flows: A panel data gravity model approach. Asian Geographer, 29(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2012.662314

Yoo, J., & Sohn, D. (2003). The structure and meanings of intercultural interactions of international tourists. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 14(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v14n01_04

Yu, G. (Ed.). (1997). Operations research in the airline industry (Vol. 9). Springer Science & Business Media.

Zbuchea, A. (2015). Framing cruise tourism. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 8(1), 9–26.

Zins, A. H. (2001). Timing and contextual effects on satisfaction measurement. E – European Advances in Consumer Research, (5), 37–45.

Zheng, D, Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, (83), Article 104261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261

Zou, Y., & Meng, F. (2020). Chinese tourists’ sense of safety: Perceptions of expected and experienced destination safety. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(15), 1886–1899. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1681382

Zuckerman, M. (2007). Sensation seeking and risky behavior. American Psychological Association.